JNR C12 Class Steam Locomotive

As small tank locomotives for simple lines, 293 locomotives of this type were manufactured at Kisha Seizo, Kawasaki, Hitachi, Mitsubishi, and Nippon Sharyo from 1932 to 1947. Additionally, 7 more were manufactured for the Railway of the Governor-General of Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period from 1936 to 1942 (with the same name C12 class; after the Pacific War, renamed TRA CK120 class), and 29 for some private railways by Kisha Seizo Train Manufacturing, Hitachi, and Nippon Sharyo from 1936 to 1952. During the Pacific War, 60 were exported to China from the national railway and 2 of them to Java for the transport of materials in occupied territories. The gauges of the locomotives sent to China were changed to 1000 mm and used as the Pre-A type on the lines of the North China Transportation Company. After the Pacific War and the establishment of the People's Republic of China, they were renamed to PL51 class, but disappeared by 1955 and are believed to have been sent to Vietnam. There, they were used until the 2000s. In Java, they were classified as the C32 class of the Indonesian National Railways and remained in use until the 1970s. In Japan, they were used for passenger and freight services on local lines nationwide until 1973. Currently, Mooka Railways and the Taiwan Railway Administration each preserve one dynamically (in ready-to-operate condition), Wakasa Railways preserves one using compressed air, and 29 others are statically preserved in Japan. Additionally, one is preserved in Vietnam at Đà Lạt station.